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互联网推进了中国经济社会发展。在经济领域,互联网加速向传统产业渗透,产业边界日益交融,新型商务模式和服务经济加速兴起,衍生了新的业态。互联网在促进经济结构调整、转变经济发展方式等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。互联网成为推动中国经济发展的重要引擎。包括互联网在内的信息技术与产业,对中国经济高速增长作出了重要贡献。互联网与实体经济不断融合,利用互联网改造和提升传统产业,带动了传统产业结构调整和经济发展方式的转变。互联网发展与运用还催生了一批新兴产业,工业咨询、软件11%、外包服务等工业服务业蓬勃兴起。信息技术在加快自主创新和节能降耗,推动减排治污等方面的作用日益凸显,互联网已经成为中国发展低碳经济的新型战略性产业。中国政府将大力推动电子商务类、教育类网站发展,积极推进电子政务建设,支持发展网络广播、网络电视等新兴媒体,倡导提供形式多样、内容丰富的互联网信息服务,以满足人们多样化、多层次的信息消费需求。
05-17
中国加入WTO对国内汽车工业的影响中国的汽车工业大致可以分为两部分:中方独资公司和跨国公司控股的中国公司。中国汽车工业有以下优势:首先,中国在21世纪将成为世界上最大的消费市场。其次,中国已建立起完整的汽车工业体系,某些产品已达到20世纪90年代国际技术水平。再次,某些进口车型已高度本土化。最后,廉价的劳动力是中国战胜外国竞争者的武器。中国加入WTO将对国内汽车工业产生重大积极影响。第一,加入WTO可以加快汽车市场的发展。第二,加入WTO可以降低用于汽车工业的某些产品的价格。第三,贸易自由化将刺激国际贸易的发展并刺激汽车出口。最后,随着个人成为汽车的主力,加入WTO将加速私有汽车市场的发展。中国加入WTO也将产生消极影响。第一,来自日本、美国、德国、法国、意大利以及其它国家的大型汽车公司将显示出他们的优势并利用其技术、营销以及运转资金方面的优势。第二,加入WTO后,市场的快速自由化将使中国的汽车制造商的税收和利润大幅下跌,这将迫使汽车制造商解聘许多雇员。1992年年末,中国汽车工业在岗人数约为185万人。第三,税收和利润的萎缩将大幅减少政府征自汽车工业的税收。1992年,汽车工业的总产值占全年国内工业总产值的12%。1997年,汽车工业缴纳利税200亿人民币,占国民生产总值重要部分。进口的减少将造成关税及其它从国外进口的汽车相关的产品税收的显著下降。最后,一旦跨国公司在中国建立起销售网络,他们将能够在国内市场上推出许多产品和服务。
05-17
我们污染了空气清洁的空气对于健康是至关重要。空气中含有杂质,这些杂质会被我们的身体吸收,使人生病。我们需要清洁的空气,但不幸的是,目前普遍存在着空气污染,尤其是在城市里。城市里有许多食品厂、服装厂和制造其它东西的工厂。每天这些工厂把千百万吨烟灰排入空气中。燃煤的工厂也大大加重了空气污染。工厂产生的东西过一个时期就会损坏,然后就作为垃圾扔掉。我们烧掉许多垃圾,烟灰就增多了。还有工厂制造的汽车。汽车一旦出厂在街上行驶,将会吸进空气,排出有毒的气体,并增加空气中的烟尘。世界上还没有一个彻底摆脱了空气污染的地区。我们必须采取些措施来控制空气污染。现在越来越多的人认识到清洁的空气的重要性。学校正在把有关污染的问题纳入教学内容。企业界在帮着净化空气,他们安装了特别的设备来清除烟雾。科学家和发明家们正在努力开发更加清洁的汽车和火车引擎,终有一天我们会驾驶着电力汽车,会有一种新型的纸,在水里溶化而不需要燃烧。一些国家正在开发研制一种新型的、会在阳光下溶化和消失的玻璃瓶。或许,人们在城市里能呼吸新鲜空气的日子将会到来。
05-17
情感是人们对于某种重大事件或想法产生的感觉或反应。人们都喜欢享受像爱、幸福和满意等情感,也尽量避免去感受像孤独、焦虑和悲痛等情感。人们通过语言、各种声音、面部表情和手势等来交流自己的情感。比如说,气愤有可能使人皱眉、握拳或者尖叫。虽然遗传可能决定人们在情感上的一些行为表现,但是更多的时候是从社会其他成员那里学会了表达情感的方式。研究表明,那些被隔离的不同人群在表达情感的时候有着相似的面部表情。以自然选择理论闻名的克莱尔·达尔文也研究情感。1872年,达尔文提出,情感的行为最初是为了生存需要和交流。根据詹姆斯·兰格于19世纪80年代提出的情感理论,一个人体内对心跳加速和血压升高这些生理变化作出反应,并且只有在意识到这些变化的时候,才会有不同情感的产生。但是这个理论在另一个研究中——在一只神经受损的猫身上所进行的研究——没有得到支持。猫感觉不到内在的变化,但是它的行为很正常。一个名叫约翰·沃森的美国心理学家发现了叫作行动主义的心理学派。他观察到被某事所刺激的婴儿会表现出三种基本情感——害怕、生气和喜欢。1919年,沃森提出了这个观点,此后,它经常遭到挑战。最被广泛接受的观点就是情感伴随着一系列复杂事件一起发生。当一个人遇到重大的事情或想法的时候,这一些复杂的反应就开始了。那么一个人对这些事情或想法的解释决定了他在随后会有什么样的情感。例如,在树林里遇到熊的人可能会把这个事件理解为危险,危险的感觉会让这个人感觉恐惧。每种感觉都会伴随着生理变化和采取行动的欲望,这就是对引发先后顺序的事件的反应。因此,遇到熊的人可能会逃走。一些神经学家进一步独立地发展了这种理论,认为人至少有8种情感。分别是:生气、害怕、高兴、伤心、赞同、厌恶、惊讶以及兴趣或好奇。它们能够在不同程度的情感中存在。然后这些情感相互结合就会产生其他情感,好比在绘画中,由几种特定的原料相互搭配可以产生其他色调一样。
05-17
贸易保护主义考验全球经济2000年全球共有反倾销案251起,略高于20世纪90年代年均232起的数字。但是,2001年,反倾销案件猛增到创记录的348起。这个的统计数字表明贸易保护主义正在迅速蔓延,并日益成为国际贸易中一个严重的问题。事实表明,一旦经济陷入衰退,贸易保护主义就会抬头。2002年3月20日,美国正式启动201条款,对进口钢材加征30%的进口关税,这就是贸易保护主义的最好例证。美国钢铁业由于自身的结构问题,再加上本国经济萧条的打击,许多钢铁公司纷纷倒闭。出于政治上的原因,布什政府挥起了“钢铁大棒”,保护本国的钢铁业,引发了钢材出口国的强烈不满。美国是发起对外反倾销案最多的国家,其次是加拿大、印度和欧盟。而中国则是反倾销案最主要的打击目标之一。反倾销调查最终经常会导致加征进口税,目的在于增加出口商的销售成本,保护本国产品的竞争力。虽然很多实施反倾销行动的国家宣称他们的行为是合法的,但是无可否认,反倾销的根本目的是保护本国竞争力低下的生产者。美国的201条款还不同于普通的反倾销、反补贴措施,它不要求调查出口国是否进行了不公平的贸易活动,只要求对国内相关行业是否因进口增加而受损进行调查即可。这种紧急保护措施较普通的反倾销更随意,也更为严厉。结果,欧盟、日本、韩国等国都在世界贸易组织向美国提出起诉,并准备采取紧急保护措施。贸易战可能会从钢铁扩展到其他产业,而全球贸易的稳定将经受新一轮的考验。
05-17
得而达成立于1954年,总部位于美国印第安纳波利斯(美国印第安纳州首府),是世界500强企业之一的美国上市公司Masco(马兹科)的核心企业,是世界首屈一指的家居及装饰产品生产企业。得而达创始人AlexManoogian于1954年发明了具有划时代意义的单柄水龙头,此后得而达成为质量可靠、精巧耐用、物有所值产品的象征。现于美国、加拿大及中国拥有6间大型工厂,雇用超过4000名员工。得而达是全美首家成功获得ISO9001质量管理体系和ISO14001环境管理体系认证的水龙头公司,年销售额超10亿美元。迄今为止,在全球已经安装了超过2亿个得而达水龙头,是美国水龙头市场品牌知名度和购买率最高的品牌。能够从设计、外观等每个角度满足消费者。
05-17
随着社会主义市场经济的逐步完善,中国大多数企业的社会责任意识也在不断增强。它们恪守诚信,合法经营,努力为国内外消费者提供高质量的商品,注重节约,保护环境,努力履行社会义务。一些企业还主动发布社会责任报告,公开履行社会责任状况,自觉接受社会监督。当然,受经济发展水平和发展阶段的制约,中国经济增长方式还比较粗放,能源资源消耗多,环境保护压力大,少数企业还存在一些片面追求经济效益、忽视社会责任的行为。企业社会责任运动自上世纪80年代兴起后,已经成为世界潮流。强调企业社会责任,就是要求企业对投资者负责的同时,对员工负责,对消费者负责,对商业伙伴负责,对环境和社会负责。国内外企业的成功经验表明,社会责任也是企业的品牌,是企业核心竞争力的组成部分,是企业长盛不衰的重要法宝。企业要生存和发展,就必须增强社会责任意识,积极履行社会义务。我们有理由相信,未来的企业竞争,将不再仅仅是产品的竞争、技术的竞争和人才的竞争,更是履行社会责任的竞争。“赠人玫瑰,手有余香”。企业在履行社会责任、促进社会和谐的同时,自身也会得到更大的发展。
05-17
高考扩招幅度十年最低教育部日前宣布,今年全国普通高校本专科招生继续扩招,但是扩招幅度是十年来最小的一年。2008年,全国普通高校本专科招生计划为599万,比上一年增长5%,其中包括通本科300万人,高等职业教育299万人。自从1997年我国普通高校本专科招生首次扩招以来,招生规模的增幅已连续第9年下降,而2008年5%的增幅是十年来普通高校本专科招生扩招幅度最小的一年。对此,教育部并没有解释扩招幅度下降的原因,但是持续升高的失业率可能是其中一个因素。据中国社科院发布的《社会蓝皮书》显示,2007年,全国有近20%的高校毕业生没有找到工作。于是,很多应届毕业生选择报名参加公务员考试,从而造成公务员考试一年比一年热。我国自1994年开始组织公务员考试以来,公务员已成为求职者最受欢迎的职业之一,这主要是因为公务员收入稳定,社会地位高,福利待遇好。2007年约有53万人报名参加国家公务员考试,竞争1.27万个职位,录取平均比例为1:42。根据教育部网站的估计,今年将有超过80万人参加12月份举行的公务员考试。
05-17
中国人民选择和平发展道路,是基于中国的传统文化、惨痛的历史和现实的巨大成就所作出的明智选择。中国是一个有5000年历史的文明古国,有着与外来文化取长补短、兼容并蓄的传统。我们的祖先历来强调“以和为贵”。历史上,中国在对外交往中始终强调亲仁善邻、和而不同。2000年前,中国与周边国家有使节往来、商品交易、文化交流,汉朝张骞出使西域开辟了陆上“丝绸之路”。1000年前,中国对外交往海陆并重,盛况空前,茶叶、丝绸、瓷器等商品远销亚欧诸多国家;600多年前,中国明代航海家郑和率领舰队“七下西洋”,足迹遍及亚非30多个国家和地区,带去的是先进的农耕和手工艺技术,还有精美的产品和真诚的友谊。这样的文化传统决定了今天的中国必然选择和平发展延续历史,并融入当今世界和平与发展的潮流。从19世纪80年代之后的鸦片战争、甲午战争,到庚子之乱乃至20世纪30年代的日本侵华战争,中国惨遭东西方列强的屠戮和极其野蛮的经济掠夺;再加上封建腐败和连年内乱,中国主权沦丧、生灵涂炭、国力衰弱、民不聊生。深重的灾难、惨痛的事实使中华民族深知和平之珍贵、发展之重要。这样的历史实践形成了中国人民渴望和平、企求安定的心理,坚定了中国人民走和平发展道路的信念。1949年新中国成立后,我们在发展道路上艰辛探索,既经历过成功的喜悦,也经受过失败的挫折。从1978年开始,中国开启了新的征程,从计划转向市场,从封闭转向开放,从自成一体转向融入经济全球化,走独立自主地建设中国特色社会主义的道路,取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。实践充分证明,坚持走和平发展的道路是正确的,既符合中国国情,又顺应时代潮流。中国将沿着这条和平发展的道路,坚定不移地走下去。
05-17
提起东盟国家,我就想起去年在东盟会议上,马哈蒂尔先生和吴作栋先生曾经形象地把中国比喻成一个友好的大象。他们说,中国的崛起不会对他们存在任何威胁。中国有5000年的文明史,有过辉煌的过去,也有过屈辱的往事。中国的崛起是多少代中国人的梦想。中国和平崛起的要义在什么地方?第一,中国和平崛起就是要充分利用世界和平的大好时机,努力发展和壮大自己。同时又以自己的发展,维护世界和平。第二,中国的崛起应把基点主要放在自己的力量上,独立自主、自力更生,艰苦奋斗,依靠广阔的国内市场、充足的劳动力资源和雄厚的资金储备,以及改革带来的机制创新。第三,中国的崛起离不开世界。中国必须坚持开放的政策,在平等互利的原则上,同世界一切友好国家发展经贸往来。第四,中国的崛起需要很长的时间,恐怕要多少代人的努力奋斗。第五,中国的崛起不会妨碍任何人,也不会威胁任何人,也不会牺牲任何人。中国现在不称霸,将来即使强大了也永远不会称霸。
05-17
热门试题
In 1876 Tetteh Quarshie, a blacksmith, smuggled the first cocoa beans into Ghana,hidden beneath his box of tools. He is now celebrated as a national hero; his trees, planted in the hills outside Accra,are a tourist attraction. But did cocoa make him rich? “No,” says a guide. “He harvested for the first time, and then he died.”West Africans have been seeking fortunes in cocoa ever since. Like Mr Quarshie, they have been short of luck. Ghana and Ivory Coast produce about 60% of the world’s cocoa. Yet they mostly sell unprocessed beans. Their cocoa-export earnings are equivalent to less than a tenth of world chocolate sales. Power lies with a small group of trading firms and chocolate-makers in rich countries.“We send raw materials, they add value,”sighs Owusu Akoto,Ghana’s agriculture minister.Ghana and Ivory Coast are trying to claw up the value chain. Ghana is close to finalizing a $600m loan from the African Development Bank, some of which is expected to support cocoa processing. It is also seeking Chinese help to build a state-run processing plant. Observers see cocoa as a test-case for African industrialization. But it is not a very useful model. Cocoa is unlikely to bring much revenue or many jobs.Granted, there have been some successes. About 21% of the world"s cocoa is ground in Africa, up from 15% a decade ago. Ivory Coast grinds nearly a third of its beans and rivals the Netherlands as the world leader by volume. In Ghana’s Tema “free zone”,the smell of cocoa is in the air. One of several processors there ships cocoa butter, liquor and cake abroad,while selling chocolate at home. Customers cannot believe it is made in Ghana, chuckles Lloyd Ashiley, the plant manager.Most of the processing in the region is done by the same multinationals that were already grinding cocoa in Europe or elsewhere. In Ghana, firms in free zones get tax breaks.The government, which dominates the cocoa industry, gives a discount on smaller, “light-crop” beans to encourage local processing. But when the cheap beans run out, machines sitidle. Nearly half of capacity is unused.Gone are the days when George Cadbury built model villages for his British workers. A modem cocoa factory is a labyrinth of juddering metal, supervised from behind computer screens. The entire Ghanaian processing industry employs just a few thousand people. The capital investment required to create one job grinding cocoa in Ivory Coast could create over 300 jobs processing cashew nuts, said the World Bank in 2012.The biggest problem is geography. Most of the value in chocolate comes from marketing and branding. And it is a big step up from grinding to chocolate-making. Consumers are mostly in Europe or North America. Transporting chocolate through tropical climates is a logistical headache. Chocolate consumption in Africa is low.Some artisanal confectioners are breaking the mould. Instant Chocolate, an Ivorian firm,sells posh chocs in flavours including baobab and hibiscus. A Ghanaian brand named 57 Chocolate — for the year of the country’s independence — stamps its bars with the Adinkra symbols more commonly found on Ashanti fabrics. Kimberly Addison and Priscilla Addison, the sisters who founded it, hit upon the idea while living in chocoholic Switzerland. “Why not try to produce a chocolate brand that is uniquely African?” asks Kimberly. But these firms operate on a tiny scale. For wannabe chocolate-makers, alas, there is no golden ticket. As digital technologies and automation have advanced,fears about workers" futures have increased. But, the end result does not have to be negative. The key is education.Already, robots are taking over a growing number of routine and repetitive tasks, putting workers in some sectors under serious pressure. In South Korea, which has the world’s highest density of industrial robots — 631 per 10,000 workers — manufacturing employment is declining, and youth unemployment is high. In the United States, the increased use of robots has, according to a 2017 study, hurt employment and wages.But while technological progress undoubtedly destroys jobs, it also creates them. The invention of motor vehicles largely wiped out jobs building or operating horse-drawn carriages, but generated millions more not just in automobile factories, but also in related sectors like road construction.The challenge today lies in the fact that the production and use of increasingly advanced technologies demand new, often higher-level skills, which cannot simply be picked up on the job. Given this, countries need to ensure that all of their residents have access to high-quality education and training programs that meet the needs of the labor market. The outcome of the race between technology and education will determine whether the opportunities presented by major innovations are seized, and whether the benefits of progress are widely shared.In a report by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 66% of executives surveyed were dissatisfied with the skill level of young employees, and 52% said a skills gap was an obstacle to their firm’s performance. Meanwhile, according to a survey,21% of workers reported feeling over-educated for their jobs.This suggests that formal education is teaching workers the wrong things, and that deep reform is essential to facilitate the development of digital knowledge and technical skills, as well as non-routine cognitive and non-cognitive (or “soft”) skills. This includes the “four Cs of twenty_first century learning”(critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication) — areas where humans retain a considerable advantage over artificially intelligent machines.The process must begin during primary education, because only with a strong foundation can people take full advantage of later education and training. And in the economy of the future,that training will never really end. Given rapid technological progress, improved opportunities for effective lifelong learning will be needed to enable workers to upgrade their skills continuously or learn new ones. At all levels of education, curricula should be made more flexible and responsive to changing technologies and market demands.One potential barrier to this approach is a dearth of well-trained teachers. Building a quality teaching force will require both monetary and non-monetary incentives for teachers and higher investment in their professional development.This includes ensuring that teachers have the tools they need to take full advantage of information and communication technology (ICT), which is not being used widely, despite its potential to ensure broad access to lifelong learning through formal and informal channels.ICT can also help to address shortages of qualified teachers and other educational resources by providing access across long distances, via online learning platforms. For example, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s OpenCourseWare enables students around the world to reach some of the worlds foremost teachers.This points to the broader value of international cooperation. The education challenges raised by advancing technologies affect everyone, so countries should work together to address them, including through exchanges of students and teachers and construction and upgrading of ICT infrastructure.The artificial intelligence revolution will be hugely disruptive, but it will not make humans obsolete. With revamped education systems, we can ensure that technological progress makes all of our lives more hopeful,fulfilling, and prosperous. Risto Siilasmaa is the chairman of Nokia, which is today a very different and much smaller company than in 2008 when he joined its board as a non-executive director.When Apple launched the iPhone in 2007, Nokia at first seemed to view it as a niche competitor with a high price-tag that would capture only a small slice of the market. After all,Nokia’s phones appeared to have all the bells and whistles needed to succeed. Users could download music and listen to the radio; they could use their phones to take photos and videos; they could send and receive email; and even use maps.Mr Siilasmaa had a front-row seat for the drama that ensued when he first joined the firm, but he had very little real influence on the board decisions. As he explains, board members have limited access to limited quantities of important company information. With his software background, however, he quickly perceived the firm’s big problem. Its devices could rival the iPhone mechanically, but the operating system could not compete. Nokia’s Symbian system was cumbersome for users, who had to send confirmations whenever any function was added to the phone.Nokia also had a wide range of devices with different operating requirements,making it difficult for app developers to customise their offerings. Apple, by contrast, had only one platform and enjoyed the benefit of being able to design a system from scratch.Increasingly concerned about these problems, Mr Siilasmaa wrote a strategy document suggesting that the company should consider embracing the Android operating system for phones, which was rapidly gaining market share. He sent it straight to Nokia"s chairman, Jorma Ollila.Before becoming chairman,he had been Nokia’s chief executive from 1992 to 2006, the years of its rise to dominance. He did not seem to appreciate a non-executive director putting his oar in. Mr Siilasmaa tried again, this time sending his memo to the chief executive and other board members, but his concerns were never addressed in board meetings.Mr Ollila, now 68, has described Mr Siilasmaa’s claims as exaggerated or not true. But Nokia’s performance deteriorated sharply during his last years in charge,and nothing he did was able to stop it. The company did team up with Microsoft to launch a Windows-based phone, the Lumia. But by 2012, when Mr Ollila left the board, Nokia’s market value had fallen by 92% since Apple’s iPhone was launched and the firm was making a loss.Mr Siilasmaa came in as the new chairman when the company’s fortunes seemed to be at rock-bottom. Instead, the news got worse: the Lumia phone received good reviews but failed to gain market share.So Mr Siilasmaa acted. In 2013 Nokia sold the phone business to Microsoft and struck out in a different direction. Now Nokia offers “end-to-end” digital infrastructure, supplying network equipment and software to telecoms operators. It is profitable, but its share price has barely moved in the past five years and future success is dependent on a wave of spending on 5G telecoms networks, which may come slowly.Nokia was already a classic example of the perils of disruptive innovation for industry leaders. Mr Siilasmaa’s account underlines how little influence board members often have when faced with an entrenched management team. He insists that a boards role must be to challenge management. Bosses must have an attitude of “paranoid optimism”,always on the lookout for potential threats. Nokia’s story shows why. As dawn breaks in Hanoi the botanical gardens start to fill up. Hundreds of old people come every morning to exercise before the tropical heat makes sport unbearable. Groups of fitness enthusiasts proliferate. Elderly ladies in floral silks do tai chi in a courtyard. In the shade of a tall tree, dozens of ballroom dancers sway to samba music. Others work up a sweat on an outdoor exercise-machine.In the next few decades the gardens will become busier still. Vietnam has a median age of only 26. But it is greying fast. Over-60s make up 12% of the population, a share that is forecast to jump to 21% by 2040, one of the quickest increases in the world. Growing prosperity has also helped bring down the fertility rate in the same period from about seven children per woman to less than two.Demography is changing in similar ways in many Asian countries. But in Vietnam it is happening while the country is still poor. When the share of the population of working age climbed to its highest in South Korea and Japan, annual GDP per person stood at $32,585 and $31,718 respectively. Even China managed to reach $9,526. In Vietnam, which hit the same peak in 2013, incomes averaged a mere $5,024.This shift brings headaches. First, will the government be able to support millions more Vietnamese in old age? Only the extremely poor and people over 80 (together around 30% of the elderly) get a state pension, which can be as little as a few dollars a week. The most recent survey of the old, in 2011, found that 90% of them had no savings. Debt was common. Supporting them will become ever more expensive. The IMF predicts that pension costs,at the present rate, could raise government spending as a share of GDP by eight percentage points by 2050. That is faster than in any of the other 12 Asian countries it examined.The problem is worse in the countryside, where most old folk live. Previously the young cared for their parents in old age. Today they tend to abandon village life to seek their fortune in the city. Surveys suggest that the share of old people living alone is rising, especially in villages. Many work until they die. Around 40% of rural men are still toiling at 75, twice the rate of city-dwellers. In Britain that figure is 3%. Often they do gruelling manual jobs, such as rice farming or fishing.Providing health care for millions more old people is another worry. Alzheimer’s,heart disease and age-related disability are growing. In the botanical garden Toau, a 78-year-old in a white sports T-shirt, says he is there on doctor’s orders,before taking a pill for his bad heart and joining an exercise group. About a third of over-60s do not have health insurance, which is costly. Many provinces still have no proper geriatric departments in hospitals. Informal health-insurance groups have popped up to fill the gaps.The government is starting to implement policies to reduce the fiscal burden and improve the lot of the elderly. Last year it relaxed the one-child policy. In May it said it would increase the retirement age from 60 to 62 for men and 55 to 60 for women, and reform the pension scheme to provide wider coverage. Next year it plans to begin revamping the health-insurance and social-assistance systems. US enrollment of international students declined for the second year in a row,sending waves of unease across American colleges and universities, which see students from abroad as a buffer against the falling number of US high-school students graduating each year.The number of new international students enrolling at American institutions fell by 6.6 percent during the 2017-18 academic year, on top of a 3.3 percent decline the year before, according to a report by the Institute of International Education.The drop takes the number of new students back to the level seen three or four years ago. At the University of Central Missouri, foreign enrollment surged to 2,600 in 2016 before plummeting to just 650 this year. At Purdue University, one of the nation"s biggest hubs for international students, total foreign enrollment fell by 2 percent this year.Meanwhile, the total number of international students in the US plus those working here on a student visa rose by just 1.5 percent this year. That was down from average annual growth of 6.1 percent over the past decade, a period during which enrollment of international students doubled.Similar to previous years, the largest numbers of students came from China, India and South Korea, which together made up 56.1 percent of all international students.The US is also losing students to English-speaking countries such as Canada, Australia and the UK, which have all seen growth in the past year. Canada reported a 20 percent jump in 2017, while Australia saw a 12 percent increase. Students from abroad are still flocking to the coasts, but are less interested in the South and Midwest.Several factors are driving the decrease. Visa and immigration policy changes by the Trump administration have deterred some international students from enrolling, college administrators and immigration analysts said.A strong dollar has made US college tuition relatively more expensive; Canadian and European universities are competing fiercely for the same students and headlines about mass shootings also may have deterred some students, said Allan Goodman, president of HE.“Everything matters from safety, to cost, to perhaps perceptions of visa policy,” Goodman said. “We’re hearing that they have choices. We’re hearing that there’s competition from other countries.”The shift is due to a combination of politics, geography and branding, said Alejandra Sosa Pieroni, an international recruitment expert with a company that consults with colleges to improve enrollment.“Students are not feeling welcome in some states,so they are looking beyond those states and heading to places where they will feel welcome/5 she said.Foreign students are big business. They pumped $42 billion into US college and university coffers in the 2017-18 school year alone.International students have become an important funding source for American colleges as traditional revenue sources, such as state funding, come under pressure. Most undergraduate foreign students do not qualify for need-based financial aid and must pay full tuition and fees to attend US schools.However, the number of US students studying abroad ticked up by 2 percent last year,continuing eight years of slow but steady growth. Europe remained the top destination,followed by Latin America and Asia. As icebergs in the Kayak Harbor pop and hiss while melting away, this remote Arctic town Narsaq (纳萨克)and its culture are also disappearing in a changing climate.Narsaq’s largest employer,a shrimp processing plant, closed a few years ago after the crustaceans fled north to cooler water. Where once there were eight commercial fishing vessels, there is now one. As a result, the population in Narsaq, one of southern Greenland's major towns, has been halved to 1,500 in just a decade. Suicides are up. “Fishing is the heart of this town,” said Hans Kaspersen,63, a fisherman. “Lots of people have lost their livelihoods.”But even as rising temperatures are upending traditional Greenlandic life, they are also offering up intriguing new opportunities for this island of 57,000 — perhaps nowhere more so than in Narsaq. Vast new deposits of minerals and gems are being discovered as Greenland’s huge ice cap recedes, forming the basis of a potentially lucrative mining industry. One of the world's largest deposits of rare earth metals — essential for manufacturing cellphones, wind turbines and electric cars ——sits just outside Narsaq.It has long been known that Greenland sat upon vast mineral lodes, and the Danish government has mapped them intermittently for decades. Niels Bohr, the Danish Nobel Prize laureate nuclear physicist and a participant in the Manhattan Project,which developed the first atomic bomb, visited Narsaq in 1957 because of its uranium deposits. But previous attempts at mining mostly failed, proving too expensive in the inclement conditions. Now, warming has altered the equation.The Greenland Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum, charged with managing the boom, has 150 active licenses for mineral exploration, up from 20 a decade ago. Altogether, companies spent US$100 million exploring Greenland's deposits last year, and several are applying for licenses to begin construction on new mines, bearing gold, iron, zinc and rare earth. There are also foreign companies exploring for offshore oil.The Black Angel Lead and Zinc Mine, which dosed in 1990, is applying to reopen this year, said Hammeken-Holm,who oversees licensing at the mining bureau, “because the ice is in retreat,you’re getting much more to explore.”In Narsaq, which features a collection of brightly painted homes bordered by spectacular fjords, two foreign companies are applying to the government for permission to mine. Narsaq9s tiny airport, previously threatened with closure due to lack of traffic, could be expanded. A local landlord is contemplating converting an abandoned apartment complex into a hotel.“There will be a lot of people coming from outside, and that will be a big challenge,since Greenlandic culture has been isolated,9, said Jasper Schroder, a student from Narsaq who attends a university in Denmark. Still, he said he supports the mine and hopes it will provide jobs and stem the rash of suicides, particularly among his peers; Greenland has one of the highest suicide rates in the world. “People in this culture don’t want to be a burden to their families if they can’t contribute,” he said.But not all are convinced of the benefits of mining. “Of course, the mine will help the local economy and will help Greenland,but I,m not so sure if it will be good for us,” said Dorothea Rodgaard,who runs a local guesthouse. “We are worried about the loss of nature.” It has been a usual sight that the luxury liner Majestic Princess operated by Carnival Group, a global cruise company, sits charging at the Wusongkou International Cruise Terminal in Shanghai.Shore power can help ships reduce their emissions by moving away from using oil to generate energy. “Developing a shore power system for a green port is just one of the projects for eco-friendly shipping conducted by the China Merchants Group (CMG),” Fu Gangfeng,Director and Group President of CMG Ltd., a state-owned enterprise whose traditional business is shipping along the Yangtze River, told Xinhua News Agency.The shore power supply system has been in use for a year and has already contributed to 23,000 tons in reduced emissions. The Yangtze River, China’s longest waterway,is one of the busiest rivers in the world. In 2017, 2.5 billion tons of goods were delivered along this west-east water route, one of the reasons why the river has become known as a golden waterway.Compared with other methods, transportation via water has both advantages in cost and transport capacity, as well as green benefits, by saving power and reducing emissions. But the shipping lanes of the Yangtze have also caused serious environmental problems. According to statistics provided by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 60 percent of inland vessels are distributed in the low reaches of the Yangtze, most of which use marine fuel, a major source of pollution along the waterway. Moreover, pollution caused by industrial accidents, domestic sewage dumped by ships and heavy metal sediment from the bottom of vessels have also had a detrimental effect on the river’s ecosystem.In the Three Gorges area, diesel power generation emits around 10 tons of sulfides, 4,000 tons of carbon oxides and 3 tons of PM2.5 annually, posing a serious risk to the air qualityand ecological environment of the region. In 2017, there were 614 ships in the Three Gorges Dam area, with an average waiting time of 106 hours. During the overhaul of the ship locks in 2018, there were 1,084 ships waiting for an average duration of 202 hours. Accordingly, the supervision of activities and the entry standards for ships are hard to control, which increases the difficulty of maintaining orderly competition.During the process of improving the waterway, the concept of ecological protection is being implemented. Eco-friendly materials and structures are applied to minimize the impact on the environment in a bid to maintain a balance between regulation and protection. Building green ports is an essential and effective method of waterway regulation. In conclusion, high standards should be maintained when new ports are built and old ones are upgraded. By regulating, integrating and upgrading existing ports, the functions of the shoreline are strengthened. The use of cleaner energy in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also of great significance for the green future of the Yangtze channel. According to Fu, in terms of drybulk cargo, 50 freighters with 8,000 to 10,000 tons of LNG fleet suitable for the Yangtze will be built in the future to replace the existing 50 percent of the ship5s capacity, optimize the ship structure and reduce pollution to the environment. It sounds so promising. A network of dedicated cycle routes runs through a city,withair pumps to fix flat tires, footrests to lean on while taking breaks and trash cans that are specially angled, so you can throw in empty water bottles without stopping.Best of all, you can cycle on those routes for long distances without having to make way for cars and trucks at junctions and traffic lights, according to the official description of the Cycle Super Highways, which are under construction here as part of the Danish capital’s efforts to become carbon-neutral by 2025.Are they as good as they sound? These days it is hard to find a big city that doesn’t make grandiose claims to encourage cycling, and harder still to find one that fulfills them. Redesigning congested traffic systems to add bike lanes to overcrowded roads is fiendishly difficult, especially in historic cities with narrow cobbled streets like Copenhagen. But as its cycling program sounds so ambitious, I went there to try it.Maybe I’d be less cynical if I lived in Amsterdam,Cologne or any other city with decent cycling facilities. But as a Londoner,I’ve learned the hard way to be suspicious whenever politicians promise to do anything bike-friendly. London's mayor, Boris Johnson, is a keen cyclist,who issues policy papers with auspicious titles like “Cycling Revolution” and has continued his predecessor’s biking program by introducing a cycle-rental project and building new bike lanes.So far, so good. You may think, unless you have braved the potholes, parked trucks and construction debris that obstruct those lanes,many of which appear to have been designed by someone who has never seen a bicycle, let alone ridden one.Luckily for Copenhagen's cyclists, their system has been more thoughtfully designed. The capital is a compact, reasonably flat city which is naturally bike-friendly, and even its old cycle routes are wider and better maintained than London’s. More than a third of Copenhageners already bike to work or school, mainly on short journeys of an average of 5 kilometers, or 3 miles.The city's traffic planners hope to encourage people to cycle for longer distances creating the cycling equivalent of freeways, which will provide fast, direct routes of up to 22 kilometers into the center. A total of 28 highways are planned, providing 495 kilometers of dedicated bike tracks. The first one from the western suburb of Albertslund opened in April 2012, followed a year later by the second, from Farum, northwest of the city.What are the super highways like? Judging by my experience of the Farum route, they’re great. Impressive though the air pumps,footrests and angled trash cans are, the biggest thrill was pedaling through the “green waves” of uninterrupted green traffic lights, which have been programmed to prioritize cyclists over cars.It was also cheering to see bikers chatting while cycling two or three abreast in“conversation lanes”. Like most urban bikers,I usually value the practical benefits of cycling, as a speedy means of transport and convenient form of exercise,but the Farum route made itas pleasurable as zipping along empty country lanes. The planners hope the foil network will eventually encourage a 30-percent increase in cycling among Copenhagen^ commuters, which would be hugely beneficial in terms of reducing the city9s C02 emissions and health care costs. For generations, coal has been the lifeblood of this mineral-rich stretch of eastern Utah.Mining families proudly recall all the years they toiled underground. Supply companies line the town streets. Above the road that winds toward the mines, a soot-smudged miner peers out from a billboard with the slogan “Coal = Jobs.” But recently, fear has settled in. The state"s oldest coal-fired power plant, tucked among the canyons near a town, is set to close, a result of new, stricter federal pollution regulations. As energy companies move away from coal toward cleaner, cheaper natural gas, people here have grown increasingly afraid that their community may soon slip away. Dozens of workers at the Carbon Power Plant have learned that they must retire early or seek other jobs. Local trucking and equipment outfits are preparing to take business elsewhere.“There are a lot of people worried,” said Kyle Davis, who has been employed at the plant since he was 18. Mr. Davis, 56, worked his way up from sweeping floors to managing operations at the plant, whose furnaces have been burning since 1954. t4I would have liked tobe here for another five years,” he said, “I’m too young to retire.”But the Rocky Mountain Power, the utility that operates the plant, has determined that itwould be too expensive to retrofit the aging plant to meet new federal standards on mercury emissions. The plant is scheduled to be shut by April 2015. t6We had been working for the better part of three years, testing compliance strategies,”said David Eskelsen, a spokesman for the utility. 6tNone of the ones we investigated really would produce the results that would meet the requirements.”For the last several years, coal plants have been shutting down across the country, driven by tougher environmental regulations, flattening electricity demand and a move by utilities toward natural gas. This month, the board of directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority,the country’s largest public power utility,voted to shut eight coal-powered plants in Alabama and Kentucky, and partly replace them with gas-fired power. Since 2010, more than 150 coal plants have been closed or scheduled for retirement.The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the stricter emissions regulationsfor the plants will result in billions of dollars in related health savings and will have a sweeping impact on air quality. In recent weeks, the agency held 11 ""listening sessions95 around the country in advance of proposing additional rules for carbon dioxide emissions. “(Coal plants are the single largest source of dangerous carbon pollution in the UnitedStates,and we have ready alternatives like wind and solar to replace them,” said Bruce Nilles, director of the Sierra Club"s Beyond Coal Campaign, which wants to shut all of the nation’s coal plants.For many here, coal jobs are all they know. The industry united the area during hard times, too, especially during the dark days after nine men died in a 2007 mining accident some 35 miles down the highway. Virtually everyone around here knew the men, six of whom remain entombed in the mountainside. But there is quiet acknowledgment that this place will have to change — if not now, soon. Pete Palacios, who worked in the mines for 43 years, has seen coal roar and fade here. Now 86, his eyes grew cloudy as he recalled his first mining job. He was 12, and earned US$1 a day. “I’m retired, so I’ll be fine. But these young guys?” Pete Palacios said,his voice trailing off. 一百年来,南京大学历经沧桑,校名屡经更迭,校址也一再搬迁,但学校诚朴坚毅、自强不息的传统精神和严谨求实、勤奋创新的校风在一代又一代南大人身上传承延续,发扬光大。正是这种优良的传统和校风,将南京大学扎根于中国和世界文明的沃土,形成了南大深厚的文化底蕴,塑造了南大人诚恳朴实、坚毅自强的品格,使学校在百年办学过程中始终保持青春活力,各项事业不断发展壮大。“诚朴”是南大传统精神中最本色的东西,“诚朴”是诚恳朴实的意思,其中 “诚”是核心,是根本。做学问要“诚朴”,就是要有实事求是的科学精神,严谨、勤奋的治学态度,只有这样,才能获得真才实学,才能担负振兴中华的重任。“雄伟”是雄壮而伟大的意思,为人、为学要有远大志向,立志“做得大事”, 要有崇高的责任感、使命感,将个人奋斗的目标与国家的发展、人类的进步紧密结合起来。