自考公共课 (28)
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Good Table Manners Manners play an important part in making a favorable impression at the dinner table. Here are some general rules： Napkin （餐巾） use The meal begins when the host unfolds his or her napkin. This is your signal to do the same， so place your napkin on your lap. Unfold it completely if it is a small napkin. Or in half， lengthwise （纵向地） ，if it is a large dinner napkin. If you need to leave the table during the meal， place your napkin on your chair as a signal to your server that you will be returning. Once the meal is over， place your napkin neatly on the table to the right of your dinner plate. Do not refold it. Use a napkin only for your mouth. Never use it for your nose， face or forehead. Use of utensils （餐具） Start with the knife， fork or spoon furthest from your plate， and work your way in， using one utensil for each course. If soup is served， remember to spoon away from yourself. This helps stop the drips. Do not put the entire soup spoon in your mouth. Instead， fill a soup spoon about 75 per cent with soup， and sip（啜饮）it from the side noiselessly. After finishing dinner， place the knife and fork parallel to one another across the plate with the knife blade facing inward toward the plate. Using your fingers Here's a list of finger foods： sandwiches， cookies， small fruits or berries with stems， French fries and potato chips， and hamburgers. Chew（咀嚼）with your mouth closed and don't make noise； don't talk with your mouth full. Bread must be broken with your hands. It is never cut with a knife. Don't pick something Out of your teeth. Instead， excuse yourself to the bathroom. If possible， try not to cough at the table. Do not put your elbows （肘） on the table. In France， it is essential to have both hands above the table at the same time. Do not put bones or anything else on the table. Things that are not eaten should be put on your plate. The napkin is used only for（）.
05-08
Camping Camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and， at its best， it makes little environmental influence. But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness， it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively （不引人注目地） and leave no mark. Wild camping is not permitted in many places， particularly in crowded lowland Britain. Wherever you are， find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces， and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. For example， it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of Scotland， but in England you must ask the landowner's permission， except in national parks. Camping is about having relaxation， sleeping outdoors， experiencing bad weather， and making do without modern conveniences. A busy， fully-equipped campsite （野营地） seems to go against this， so seek out smaller， more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still， find a campsite with no road access： walking in makes a real adventure. Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good night's sleep. Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environment. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. When camping in woodland， a void standing dead trees， which may fall on a windy night. Avoid animal runs and caves， and possible homes of biting insects. Make sure you have most protection on the windward side. If you make a fire， do so downwind of your shelter， always consider what influence you might have on the natural world. Avoid damaging plants. A good campsite is found， not made — changing it should be unnecessary. ometimes you need to make electricity.（）
05-08
Trying to Find a Partner One of the most striking findings of a recent poll in the UK is that of the people interviewed， one in two believes that it is becoming more difficult to meet someone to start a family with. Why are many finding it increasingly difficult to start and sustain intimate relationships？ Does modern life really make it harder to fall in love？ Or are we making it harder for ourselves？ It is certainly the case today that contemporary couples benefit in different ways from relationships. Women no longer rely upon partners for economic security or status. A man doesn't expect his spouse to be in sole charge of running his household and raising his children. But perhaps the knowledge that we can live perfectly well without a partnership means that it takes much more to persuade people to abandon their independence. In theory， finding a partner should be much simpler these days. Only a few generations ago， your choice of soulmate （心上人） was constrained by geography， social convention and family tradition. Although it was never explicit， many marriages were essentially arranged. Now those barriers have been broken down. You can approach a builder or a brain surgeon in any bar in any city on any given evening. When the world is your oyster （牡蛎） ，you surely have a better chance of finding a pearl. But it seems that the old conventions have been replaced by an even tighter constraint： the tyranny of choice. The expectations of partners are inflated to an unmanageable degree： good looks， impressive salary， kind to grandmother， and right socks. There is no room for error in the first impression. We think that a relationship can be perfect. If it isn't， it is disposable. We work to protect ourselves against future heartache and don't put in the hard emotional labor needed to build a strong relationship. Of course， this is complicated by realities. The cost of housing and child-rearing creates pressure to have a stable income and career before a
05-08
Drug Overuse ① Nowadays,millions of people misuse and even overuse pain medications and other drugs. Research by the American National Institute on Drug Abuse （NIDA， 1999） shows that around 2% of the population over age 12 were using drugs non-medically. ② NIDA views medications as a powerful force for good in the contemporary world. They reduce and remove pain for millions of people suffering from illness and disease. They make it possible for doctors to perform complicated surgery to save lives. Many people afflicted by serious medical conditions are able to control their symptoms and become active， contributing citizens. NIDA points out that most individuals who take these drags use them in a responsible. ③ Nevertheless， overuse of drugs such as opioids， central nervous system（CNS） depressants and stimulants does lead to harmful reliance in some people and is therefore becoming a serious public health concern. Although this abuse affects many people worldwide， particular trends of concern to the medical profession in the US appear among older adults， teenagers arid women. ④ Though it may be a surprise to many， the misuse of medications may be the most common form of drug abuse among the elderly. Dr Kenneth Schrader of Duke University， North Carolina states that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population， those aged 65 and over account for the consumption of one third of all drugs. People in this age group use medications roughly three times more than the general population and have poorer compliance with instruction for use. In another study of elderly patients admitted to treatment programs， 70% were women who had overused medicines. ⑤ Unfortunately， this trend among women does not only affect those aged over. In general， among women and men who are using either an anti-anxiety drug or a sedative， women are twice as likely to become addicted. In addition， statistics compiled for 12 —17 year olds show that teenage girls are more likely than te
05-08
Advertising to Children （1） Not only are they easily swayed by advertising， they are also persuasive in encouraging their parents to buy a product. If a child wants something in their kid's locker， they will prod and annoy their parents until they get what they want.（2）All it takes is a little suggestion from a single advertisement to send them on their way. （3） In a campaign entitled "Kids are the Star"， its employees were encouraged to pay special attention to children and to make sure they had a positive experience while eating at its restaurants. The reason for this， naturally， was not that the McDonald's corporation cared deeply about the well-being of children everywhere， but that the pester-power that children have is extraordinarily effective at bringing their parents back for more visits. The way that advertisers target children is simple big， bright lights， happy people and animated characters are all that is needed to encourage children to think a certain product is something they want. （4）They do not realize that Ronald McDonald is just a guy in a Costum and make-up， and that behind the counter of every McDonald's is a bunch of kids working in uncomfortable conditions for low pay. This poses a real moral dilemma for those who make the advertising decisions， or at least it should. （5）How do you say no to an opportunity to reach such a wide audience of children， who act as advertisers themselves when they encourage other children and their parents to buy a particular product？ 4.（）
05-08
Trying to Find a Partner One of the most striking findings of a recent poll in the UK is that of the people interviewed， one in two believes that it is becoming more difficult to meet someone to start a family with. Why are many finding it increasingly difficult to start and sustain intimate relationships？ Does modern life really make it harder to fall in love？ Or are we making it harder for ourselves？ It is certainly the case today that contemporary couples benefit in different ways from relationships. Women no longer rely upon partners for economic security or status. A man doesn't expect his spouse to be in sole charge of running his household and raising his children. But perhaps the knowledge that we can live perfectly well without a partnership means that it takes much more to persuade people to abandon their independence. In theory， finding a partner should be much simpler these days. Only a few generations ago， your choice of soulmate （心上人） was constrained by geography， social convention and family tradition. Although it was never explicit， many marriages were essentially arranged. Now those barriers have been broken down. You can approach a builder or a brain surgeon in any bar in any city on any given evening. When the world is your oyster （牡蛎） ，you surely have a better chance of finding a pearl. But it seems that the old conventions have been replaced by an even tighter constraint： the tyranny of choice. The expectations of partners are inflated to an unmanageable degree： good looks， impressive salary， kind to grandmother， and right socks. There is no room for error in the first impression. We think that a relationship can be perfect. If it isn't， it is disposable. We work to protect ourselves against future heartache and don't put in the hard emotional labor needed to build a strong relationship. Of course， this is complicated by realities. The cost of housing and child-rearing creates pressure to have a stable income and career before a l
05-08
Camping Camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and， at its best， it makes little environmental influence. But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness， it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively （不引人注目地） and leave no mark. Wild camping is not permitted in many places， particularly in crowded lowland Britain. Wherever you are， find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces， and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. For example， it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of Scotland， but in England you must ask the landowner's permission， except in national parks. Camping is about having relaxation， sleeping outdoors， experiencing bad weather， and making do without modern conveniences. A busy， fully-equipped campsite （野营地） seems to go against this， so seek out smaller， more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still， find a campsite with no road access： walking in makes a real adventure. Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good night's sleep. Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environment. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. When camping in woodland， a void standing dead trees， which may fall on a windy night. Avoid animal runs and caves， and possible homes of biting insects. Make sure you have most protection on the windward side. If you make a fire， do so downwind of your shelter， always consider what influence you might have on the natural world. Avoid damaging plants. A good campsite is found， not made — changing it should be unnecessary. Animal runs，caves and homes of biting insects are best places for camping.（）
05-08
Drug Overuse ① Nowadays,millions of people misuse and even overuse pain medications and other drugs. Research by the American National Institute on Drug Abuse （NIDA， 1999） shows that around 2% of the population over age 12 were using drugs non-medically. ② NIDA views medications as a powerful force for good in the contemporary world. They reduce and remove pain for millions of people suffering from illness and disease. They make it possible for doctors to perform complicated surgery to save lives. Many people afflicted by serious medical conditions are able to control their symptoms and become active， contributing citizens. NIDA points out that most individuals who take these drags use them in a responsible. ③ Nevertheless， overuse of drugs such as opioids， central nervous system（CNS） depressants and stimulants does lead to harmful reliance in some people and is therefore becoming a serious public health concern. Although this abuse affects many people worldwide， particular trends of concern to the medical profession in the US appear among older adults， teenagers arid women. ④ Though it may be a surprise to many， the misuse of medications may be the most common form of drug abuse among the elderly. Dr Kenneth Schrader of Duke University， North Carolina states that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population， those aged 65 and over account for the consumption of one third of all drugs. People in this age group use medications roughly three times more than the general population and have poorer compliance with instruction for use. In another study of elderly patients admitted to treatment programs， 70% were women who had overused medicines. ⑤ Unfortunately， this trend among women does not only affect those aged over. In general， among women and men who are using either an anti-anxiety drug or a sedative， women are twice as likely to become addicted. In addition， statistics compiled for 12 —17 year olds show that teenage girls are more likely than tee
05-08
Literacy Volunteer Last summer I went through a training program and became a literacy volunteer （扫盲志愿者）. The training I received， though excellent， did not tell me how it was to work with a real student， however. When I began to discover what other people's lives were like because they could not read， I realized the true importance of reading. My first student Jane was a 44-year-old single mother of three. In the first lesson， I found out she walked two miles to the nearest supermarket twice a week because she didn't know which bus to take. When I told her I would get her a bus schedule， she told me it would not help because she could not read it. She said she also had difficulty once she got to the supermarket because she couldn't always remember what she needed. Since she did not know words， she could not write out a shopping list. Also， she could only recognize items by their labels. As a result， if the product had a different label， she would not recognize it as the product she wanted. As we worked together， learning how to read built Jane's self-confidence， which encouraged her to continue in her studies. She began to make rapid progress and was even able to take the bus to the supermarket. After this successful trip， she reported how self-confident she felt. At the end of the program， she began helping her youngest son， Tony， a shy first grader， with his reading. She sat with him before he went to sleep and together they would read bedtime stories. When his eyes became wide with excitement as she read pride was written all over her face， and she began to see how her own hard work in learning to read paid off. As she described this experience， I was proud of myself， too. I found that helping Jane to build her self-confidence was more rewarding than anything I had ever done before. As a literacy volunteer， I learned a great deal about teaching and helping others. In fact， I may have learned more from the experience than Jane did. I once coul
05-08
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